Table 2 Descriptive characteristics of participants in the STEPS study from 2007 to 2016, by hypertension

Age (year)

44.45 (10.84)

40.69 (11.46)

< 0.001

Sex^†

Male

4,530 (45.85)

13,722 (47.24)

< 0.001^**

Female

5,669 (54.15)

16,064 (52.76)

Residence^†

Urban

6,246 (70.37)

18,193 (69.04)

< 0.001^**

Rural

3,953 (29.63)

11,593 (30.96)

Physical activity^†

Low

4,170 (40.36)

12,379 (42.54)

< 0.001^**

Moderate

2,515 (25.84)

6,958 (24.48)

High

3,499 (33.80)

10,362 (32.97)

Smoking (yes)^†

1,002 (10.47)

3,638 (12.07)

< 0.001^**

BMI (kg/m²)

28.87 (5.39)

26.19 (5.06)

< 0.001

WC (cm)

95.99 (13.11)

88.62 (13.28)

< 0.001

TC (mg/dL)

188.80 (44.80)

172.20 (40.12)

< 0.001

TG (mg/dL)

168.72 (96.15)

140.25 (82.08)

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

115.30 (36.23)

102.64 (32.78)

< 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

41.94 (11.22)

42.60 (11.41)

< 0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

103.73 (41.51)

93.02 (28.04)

< 0.001

Diabetes (yes)^†

1,972 (18.82)

2,781 (8.60)

< 0.001^**

MetS (yes)^†

6,719 (65.80)

7,687 (24.06)

< 0.001^**

Cooking oil type^†

Liquid

4,699 (51.80)

14,381 (54.27)

< 0.001^**

Solid

5,343 (46.65)

14,908 (44.33)

Other

147 (1.55)

445 (1.40)

Fruits consumption (average per day)

1.84 (1.36)

1.90 (1.34)

0.001

Vegetables consumption (average per day)

1.62 (1.25)

1.60 (1.22)

< 0.001