Table 3 The characteristics of the various types of DM and ICI-DM
| Â | FT1DM [7] | Classic T1D [8] | ICI-induced diabetes [25] | Our study |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical features | ||||
Ethnicity | Asian | Mostly non-Asian | Both Asian and non-Asian | Taiwan |
Honeymoon | No | 68.9% (71/103) [37] | No | No |
Ketoacidosis | 100.0% | 38.8% (285/735) [38] | 67.5% (135/200) | 60.0% (6/10) |
Permanent insulin required | Yes | Yes | 98% (152/155) | 100% (10/10) |
Biochemical features (at diagnosis) | ||||
C-peptide | Low or undetectable | Progressive decline, 48% maintain stimulated C-peptide > 0.2nmol/L at 5 years | 63% (83/131) low or undetectable | Low or undetectable: 100% (10/10) |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) (range) | 46 (37–56) [39] | > 46 [40] | 62 (40–120) | 72 (46–101) |
Lipase elevation | 85% (50/59) [39] | 24% (36/150) [41] | 52% (13/25) [7] | 20% (1/5) |
Anti-GAD autoantibodies | 5% (7/145) [39] | 89% (114/128) [39] | 43% (65/151) | 10% (1/10) |
Pancreas image | Undiminished pancreatic volume [42] | Pancreatic volume decreased compared with controls [43] | 11% (4/36) with pancreatic atrophy [25] | 90% (9/10) with pancreatic atrophy |