Table 1 Participant characteristics of the CDCS cohort, overall and stratified by sex and BMI categories
Characteristics | No. (%) or as mean (SD) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | P value | Male | P value | Female | P value | |||||||
Normal (n = 701) | Overweight (n = 779) | Obese (n = 235) |  | Normal (n = 337) | Overweight (n = 406) | Obese (n = 101) |  | Normal (n = 364) | Overweight (n = 373) | Obese (n = 134) |  | |
Age, years | 57.79 (9.40) | 57.11 (9.94) | 55.63 (10.62) | 0.013 | 58.40 (9.52) | 56.88 (9.53) | 54.25 (11.05) | 0.001 | 57.23 (9.27) | 57.38 (10.37) | 56.66 (10.20) | 0.773 |
WC, cm | 81.83 (6.57) | 92.75 (5.84) | 103.82 (7.10) | < 0.001 | 83.19 (6.27) | 94.38 (5.58) | 105.51 (7.09) | < 0.001 | 80.57 (6.59) | 90.98 (5.59) | 102.55 (6.86) | < 0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 143.68 (21.25) | 150.17 (20.95) | 152.76 (20.01) | < 0.001 | 143.17 (21.68) | 148.42 (19.61) | 153.88 (20.71) | < 0.001 | 144.15 (20.86) | 152.08 (22.18) | 151.92 (19.51) | < 0.001 |
DBP, mmHg | 80.37 (11.63) | 85.15 (11.76) | 86.12 (12.06) | < 0.001 | 82.31 (11.78) | 87.43 (11.60) | 89.81 (12.47) | < 0.001 | 78.57 (11.20) | 82.67 (11.45) | 83.34 (10.99) | < 0.001 |
MAP, mmHg | 101.47 (13.09) | 106.82 (12.72) | 108.34 (12.85) | < 0.001 | 102.59 (13.50) | 107.76 (12.45) | 111.17 (13.46) | < 0.001 | 100.43 (12.63) | 105.81 (12.96) | 106.20 (11.99) | < 0.001 |
FPG, mmol/L | 9.55 (3.51) | 9.37 (3.00) | 9.42 (3.13) | 0.574 | 9.80 (3.49) | 9.59 (3.02) | 9.29 (3.20) | 0.356 | 9.31 (3.51) | 9.13 (2.95) | 9.52 (3.09) | 0.462 |
HbA1c, % | 7.56 (1.86) | 7.58 (1.67) | 7.64 (1.63) | 0.827 | 7.67 (1.87) | 7.70 (1.66) | 7.51 (1.68) | 0.637 | 7.45 (1.85) | 7.46 (1.67) | 7.73 (1.59) | 0.232 |
TC, mmol/L | 5.21 (1.17) | 5.20 (1.24) | 5.00 (1.06) | 0.048 | 5.06 (1.18) | 5.20 (1.36) | 4.89 (1.14) | 0.056 | 5.35 (1.13) | 5.21 (1.09) | 5.09 (0.99) | 0.038 |
LDL, mmol/L | 3.10 (0.98) | 3.06 (0.97) | 2.98 (0.93) | 0.244 | 3.05 (0.99) | 3.02 (0.98) | 2.89 (0.92) | 0.366 | 3.15 (0.96) | 3.11 (0.95) | 3.04 (0.94) | 0.549 |
HDL-c, mmol/L | 1.57 (0.47) | 1.35 (0.35) | 1.27 (0.32) | < 0.001 | 1.53 (0.46) | 1.30 (0.37) | 1.16 (0.30) | < 0.001 | 1.61 (0.47) | 1.41 (0.32) | 1.36 (0.32) | < 0.001 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.92 (1.86) | 2.65 (3.26) | 2.52 (2.26) | < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.78) | 3.03 (4.24) | 2.76 (3.13) | < 0.001 | 2.04 (1.93) | 2.34 (1.52) | 2.34 (1.24) | 0.126 |
Alb, g/L | 51.62 (3.39) | 51.37 (3.02) | 50.83 (3.13) | 0.005 | 51.50 (3.65) | 51.82 (3.04) | 51.28 (3.41) | 0.222 | 51.73 (3.13) | 50.89 (2.93) | 50.49 (2.87) | < 0.001 |
GGT, IU/L | 31.47 (43.98) | 48.30 (53.14) | 47.99 (44.36) | < 0.001 | 37.78 (57.27) | 59.51 (63.17) | 55.85 (41.29) | < 0.001 | 25.62 (24.96) | 36.10 (35.71) | 42.06 (45.81) | < 0.001 |
ALT, IU/L | 21.41 (11.84) | 27.86 (19.68) | 31.20 (21.32) | < 0.001 | 22.72 (11.91) | 30.53 (20.10) | 33.13 (17.69) | < 0.001 | 20.20 (11.66) | 24.95 (18.57) | 29.75 (23.65) | < 0.001 |
AST, IU/L | 21.06 (8.08) | 24.12 (12.54) | 25.67 (14.97) | < 0.001 | 21.61 (8.40) | 24.58 (11.85) | 24.95 (12.92) | < 0.001 | 20.55 (7.76) | 23.63 (13.24) | 26.21 (16.38) | < 0.001 |
AST/ALT | 1.11 (0.39) | 1.00 (0.39) | 0.92 (0.32) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (0.40) | 0.93 (0.43) | 0.83 (0.31) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.38) | 1.06 (0.33) | 0.99 (0.31) | < 0.001 |
Current smoking | 134 (19.1) | 156 (20.0) | 47 (20.0) | 0.898 | 126 (37.4) | 151 (37.2) | 45 (44.6) | 0.369 | 8 (2.2) | 5 (1.3) | 2 (1.5) | 0.654 |
Current drinking | 180 (25.7) | 236 (30.3) | 64 (27.2) | 0.137 | 147 (43.6) | 203 (50.0) | 48 (47.5) | 0.222 | 33 (9.1) | 33 (8.8) | 16 (11.9) | 0.55 |
Family history of hypertension | 424 (60.5) | 482 (61.9) | 155 (66.0) | 0.327 | 198 (58.8) | 251 (61.8) | 67 (66.3) | 0.361 | 226 (62.1) | 231 (61.9) | 88 (65.7) | 0.722 |
Family history of obesity | 169 (24.1) | 267 (34.3) | 117 (49.8) | < 0.001 | 88 (26.1) | 134 (33.0) | 52 (51.5) | < 0.001 | 81 (22.3) | 133 (35.7) | 65 (48.5) | < 0.001 |
Family history of CVD | 131 (18.7) | 147 (18.9) | 69 (29.4) | 0.001 | 64 (19.0) | 77 (17.0) | 23 (22.8) | 0.664 | 67 (18.4) | 70 (18.8) | 46 (34.3) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 282 (40.2) | 428 (54.9) | 149 (63.4) | < 0.001 | 127 (37.7) | 211 (52.0) | 68 (67.3) | < 0.001 | 155 (42.6) | 217 (58.2) | 81 (60.4) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 421 (60.1) | 533 (68.4) | 168 (71.5) | < 0.001 | 185 (54.9) | 273 (67.2) | 71 (70.3) | 0.001 | 236 (64.8) | 260 (69.7) | 97 (72.4) | 0.186 |
Lipid lowering medication | 83 (11.8) | 115 (14.8) | 47 (20.0) | 0.007 | 32 (9.5) | 50 (12.3) | 18 (17.8) | 0.070 | 51 (14.0) | 65 (17.4) | 29 (21.6) | 0.111 |
Antihypertensive drugs | 239 (34.1) | 370 (47.5) | 131 (55.7) | < 0.001 | 103 (30.6) | 185 (45.6) | 60 (59.4) | < 0.001 | 136 (37.4) | 185 (49.6) | 71 (53.0) | < 0.001 |
Physical activity | 466 (66.5) | 515 (66.1) | 147 (62.6) | 0.528 | 224 (66.5) | 284 (70.0) | 61 (60.4) | 0.166 | 242 (66.5) | 231 (61.9) | 86 (64.2) | 0.436 |