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Fig. 1 | Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

Fig. 1

From: A causal relationship between antioxidants, minerals and vitamins and metabolic syndrome traits: a Mendelian randomization study

Fig. 1

A flowchart of study design. Assumption 1 suggests that the genetic variants proposed as instrumental variables should be closely associated with the antioxidants, minerals and vitamins, SNPs should be associated with these circulating nutrients at the level of genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10–8); for those traits detected by < 2 SNPs, include genome-wide associations significant for suggestive significance (P < 1 × 10–5) or validated SNPs, if available; Assumption 2 suggests that the genetic variants used should not be associated with potential confounders, and Assumption 3 suggests that the genetic variants selected should affect the risk of the outcome only through the risk factor and not through other pathways. MetS indicates metabolic syndrome; WC: waist circumference; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TG: triglycerides; IVW: inverse-variance weighted

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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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