Table 1 Baseline characteristic of the study population among those with type 2 diabetic microvascular complications, stratified by the development of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Baseline characteristics | Incident ASCVD | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 2,949) | Yes (n = 1,180) | ||
Age, years | 61.6 ± 6.2 | 62.7 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 |
Gender |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Female | 1,333 (45.2%) | 363 (30.8%) |  |
 Male | 1,616 (54.8%) | 817 (69.2%) |  |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | 0.671 |
 White | 2,480 (84.1%) | 986 (83.6%) |  |
 Non-White | 469 (15.9%) | 194 (16.4%) |  |
Education | Â | Â | 0.135 |
 None | 2,380 (80.7%) | 976 (82.7%) |  |
 Graduate or professional school | 569 (19.3%) | 204 (17.3%) |  |
Townsend deprivation index | 0.1 ± 3.5 | 0.3 ± 3.5 | 0.126 |
Above moderate/vigorous/walking recommendation |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 591 (27.1%) | 300 (34.6%) |  |
 Yes | 1,592 (72.9%) | 567 (65.4%) |  |
Diabetes-related medication | Â | Â | Â |
 Insulin use | 187 (8.0%) | 103 (10.8%) | 0.007 |
 Oral diabetes medication | 1,791 (76.7%) | 671 (70.1%) | 0.022 |
 Insulin use + Oral diabetes medication | 356 (15.3%) | 188 (19.1%) | 0.003 |
Duration of diabetes, year | 8.2 ± 8.2 | 9.7 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
Cigarette smoking status |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Never | 1,428 (48.8%) | 473 (40.6%) |  |
 Former/Current | 1,498 (51.2%) | 691 (59.4%) |  |
Hypertension | Â | Â | 0.614 |
 No | 267 (9.1%) | 101 (8.6%) |  |
 Yes | 2,682 (90.9%) | 1,079 (91.4%) |  |
Hyperlipidemia | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 No | 553 (18.8%) | 174 (14.7%) |  |
 Yes | 2,396 (81.2%) | 1,006 (85.3%) |  |
Family history of ASCVD |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 1,209 (41.0%) | 408 (34.6%) |  |
 Yes | 1,740 (59.0%) | 772 (65.4%) |  |
Central obesity | Â | Â | 0.314 |
 No | 800 (27.1%) | 302 (26.0%) |  |
 Yes | 2,149 (72.9%) | 878 (74.0%) |  |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 0.003 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 0.010 |
Lipoprotein(a), nmol/L | 41.6 ± 47.6 | 47.2 ± 48.9 | 0.004 |
HbA1c, nmol/mol | 53.0 ± 13.9 | 54.2 ± 13.7 | 0.014 |
CPR, mg/L | 4.2 ± 6.1 | 4.5 ± 6.5 | 0.101 |
Vitamin D, nmol/L | 41.6 ± 19.9 | 39.1 ± 19.8 | < 0.001 |
Gamma-glutamyltransferase, U/L | 52.0 ± 68.1 | 55.5 ± 57.4 | 0.125 |