Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study participants (n = 152)

Age (years)

45.3 ± 12.4

Woman

85 (55.9)

Marital status

Married

95 (62.5)

Active tobacco use

17 (11.2)

Diabetes duration (years)

24 (14–31)

Professional occupation

 Employed

81 (53.3)

 Unemployed

19 (12.5)

 Retired

52 (34.2)

Schooling level

 Elementary school

35 (23.0)

 High school

84 (55.3)

 Higher education

33 (21.7)

Socioeconomic level

 Up to 1 minimum wage

36 (23.7)

 From 1 to 3 minimum wages

81 (53.3)

 Above 3 minimum wages

35 (23)

Injection device

 Pen

120 (78.9)

 Syringe

32 (21.1)

Comorbidities^#

Systemic arterial hypertension

47 (30.9)

Psychiatric illnesses

47 (30.9)

Dyslipidemia

38 (25.0)

Diabetic retinopathy

85 (55.9)

Diabetic kidney disease

31 (20.4)

Sensory neuropathy

28 (18.4)

Foot injuries

13 (8.6)