Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all patients
2:1 sex, age, and index date matching | PS matching | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-SGLT2i | SGLT2i | ASD | P value | Non-SGLT2i | SGLT2i | ASD | P value | |
N | 112712 | 56356 | 53200 | 53200 | ||||
Type 2 DM history | 0.0222 | < 0.0001 | 0.0387 | 0.0036 | ||||
< = 2 years | 10527 (9.34%) | 4885 (8.67%) | 4406 (8.28%) | 4701 (8.84%) | ||||
3–4 years | 68969 (61.19%) | 33677 (59.76%) | 31845 (59.86%) | 31784 (59.74%) | ||||
> = 5 years | 33216 (29.47%) | 17794 (31.57%) | 16949 (31.86%) | 16715 (31.42%) | ||||
Sex | 0.0000 | 1.000 | 0.0122 | 0.0463 | ||||
Female | 60308 (53.51%) | 30154 (53.51%) | 28836 (54.20%) | 28512 (53.59%) | ||||
Male | 52404 (46.49%) | 26202 (46.49%) | 24364 (45.80%) | 24688 (46.41%) | ||||
Age | 0.0000 | 1.000 | 0.0346 | 0.5766 | ||||
65–69 | 54106 (48.00%) | 27053 (48.00%) | 25584 (48.09%) | 25559 (48.04%) | ||||
70–79 | 46784 (41.51%) | 23392 (41.51%) | 21976 (41.31%) | 22094 (41.53%) | ||||
80 up | 11822 (10.49%) | 5911 (10.49%) | 5640 (10.60%) | 5547 (10.43%) | ||||
Mean ± SD | 71.43 ± 5.75 | 71.43 ± 5.75 | 71.42 ± 5.72 | 71.43 ± 5.75 | ||||
Comorbidities | ||||||||
Hypertension | 71523 (63.46%) | 37189 (65.99%) | 0.0530 | < 0.0001 | 35631 (66.98%) | 34986 (65.76%) | 0.0257 | < 0.0001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 59503 (52.79%) | 33545 (59.52%) | 0.1360 | < 0.0001 | 31906 (59.97%) | 31311 (58.86%) | 0.0228 | 0.0002 |
Chronic kidney disease | 31434 (27.89%) | 16886 (29.96%) | 0.0458 | < 0.0001 | 16039 (30.15%) | 15781 (29.66%) | 0.0106 | 0.0841 |
Chronic liver disease | 9463 (8.40%) | 4647 (8.25%) | 0.0054 | 0.2933 | 4308 (8.10%) | 4388 (8.25%) | 0.0055 | 0.3707 |
Cancer | 8655 (7.68%) | 3651 (6.48%) | 0.0468 | < 0.0001 | 3357 (6.31%) | 3523 (6.62%) | 0.0127 | 0.0385 |
COPD | 5694 (5.05%) | 2466 (4.38%) | 0.0319 | < 0.0001 | 2254 (4.24%) | 2364 (4.44%) | 0.0102 | 0.0979 |
Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 1976 (1.75%) | 1248 (2.21%) | 0.0331 | < 0.0001 | 1148 (2.16%) | 1147 (2.16%) | 0.0001 | 0.9832 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | 1012 (0.90%) | 382 (0.68%) | 0.0249 | < 0.0001 | 335 (0.63%) | 371 (0.70%) | 0.0083 | 0.1740 |
Stroke | 8864 (7.86%) | 4068 (7.22%) | 0.0245 | < 0.0001 | 3736 (7.02%) | 3923 (7.37%) | 0.0136 | 0.0266 |
Medication | ||||||||
NSAIDs | 63911 (56.70%) | 31616 (56.10%) | 0.0122 | 0.0185 | 29889 (56.18%) | 29885 (56.17%) | 0.0002 | 0.9803 |
Corticosteroids | 20924 (18.56%) | 10060 (17.85%) | 0.0185 | 0.0004 | 9334 (17.55%) | 9550 (17.95%) | 0.0106 | 0.0831 |
PPI | 7949 (7.05%) | 3890 (6.90%) | 0.0059 | 0.2548 | 3462 (6.51%) | 3661 (6.88%) | 0.0150 | 0.0147 |
H2 receptor antagonist | 31112 (27.60%) | 14764 (26.20%) | 0.0317 | < 0.0001 | 13890 (26.11%) | 14068 (26.44%) | 0.0076 | 0.2150 |
Aspirin | 29056 (25.78%) | 17682 (31.38%) | 0.1241 | < 0.0001 | 16292 (30.62%) | 16217 (30.48%) | 0.0031 | 0.6177 |
Statin | 62219 (55.20%) | 39702 (70.45%) | 0.3195 | < 0.0001 | 37187 (69.90%) | 36688 (68.96%) | 0.0204 | 0.0009 |
Biguanides | 56490 (50.12%) | 31500 (55.89%) | 0.1159 | < 0.0001 | 28410 (53.40%) | 29253 (54.99%) | 0.0318 | < .0001 |
Sulfonylureas | 40100 (35.58%) | 22165 (39.33%) | 0.0776 | < 0.0001 | 21082 (39.63%) | 20618 (38.76%) | 0.0179 | 0.0036 |
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | 12020 (10.66%) | 10003 (17.75%) | 0.2040 | < 0.0001 | 8564 (16.10%) | 8478 (15.94%) | 0.0044 | 0.4722 |
Thiazolidinediones | 11,219 (9.95%) | 9053 (16.06%) | 0.1824 | < 0.0001 | 7887 (14.83%) | 7943 (14.93%) | 0.0030 | 0.6295 |
DPP4 | 27889 (24.74%) | 8422 (14.94%) | 0.2476 | < 0.0001 | 8650 (16.26%) | 8354 (15.70%) | 0.0152 | 0.0137 |
Insulin | 14052 (12.47%) | 11579 (20.55%) | 0.2189 | < 0.0001 | 9561 (17.97%) | 9797 (18.42%) | 0.0115 | 0.0607 |
GLP-1 | 621 (0.55%) | 746 (1.32%) | 0.0803 | < 0.0001 | 538 (1.01%) | 580 (1.09%) | 0.0077 | 0.2067 |
SGLT2i subtype | – | – | ||||||
Dapagliflozin | 0 (0%) | 30225 (53.63%) | 0 (0%) | 28604 (53.77%) | ||||
Canagliflozin | 0 (0%) | 1056 (1.87%) | 0 (0%) | 1006 (1.89%) | ||||
Empagliflozin | 0 (0%) | 25075 (44.49%) | 0 (0%) | 23590 (44.34%) | ||||