Table 1 The baseline characteristic of participants by CDAI levels among adults with diabetes in NHANES 1999–2018
Characteristic | Participants, No (%) | Pvalue | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CDAI level | ||||||
Total | Q1 (< − 2.19) | Q2 (− 2.19 ~ − 0.22) | Q3 (− 0.22 ~ 2.21) | Q4 (> 2.21) | ||
Age, years | 61.4 (0.2) | 62.3 (0.3) | 61.5 (0.3) | 61.5 (0.3) | 59.9 (0.3) | 0.01 |
Sex | < 0.0001 | |||||
Female | 3740 (49.5) | 1157 (64.4) | 1088 (61.9) | 892 (48.2) | 603 (30.1) | |
Male | 3811 (50.5) | 731 (35.6) | 799 (38.1) | 996 (51.8) | 1285 (69.9) | |
Race and ethnicity | < 0.0001 | |||||
Mexican American | 1492 (19.8) | 408 (7.7) | 368 (9.2) | 353 (8.7) | 363 (8.5) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1944 (25.7) | 576 (20.4) | 520 (17.1) | 446 (12.7) | 402 (10.5) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 2884 (38.2) | 645 (58.2) | 683 (60.4) | 742 (66.3) | 814 (69.4) | |
Other Hispanic | 667 (8.8) | 153 (7.3) | 172 (5.9) | 192 (5.6) | 150 (4.8) | |
Other race—including multi-racial | 564 (7.5) | 106 (6.4) | 144 (7.4) | 155 (6.8) | 159 (6.9) | |
Educational level | < 0.0001 | |||||
< High school | 2708 (35.9) | 922 (48.8) | 687 (36.4) | 615 (32.6) | 484 (25.6) | |
High School Grad/GED or equivalent | 1793 (23.7) | 440 (23.3) | 467 (24.7) | 453 (24.0) | 433 (22.9) | |
≥ college | 3050 (40.4) | 526 (27.9) | 733 (38.8) | 820 (43.4) | 971 (51.4) | |
Family income to poverty ratio | < 0.0001 | |||||
< 1.0 | 1534 (22.3) | 481 (23.5) | 425 (17.9) | 338 (13.5) | 290 (9.8) | |
1.0–3.0 | 3273 (47.6) | 848 (48.3) | 840 (47.0) | 816 (41.0) | 769 (36.1) | |
> 3.0 | 2071 (30.1) | 362 (28.3) | 459 (35.1) | 554 (45.5) | 696 (54.1) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 0.2 | |||||
< 25.0 | 990 (13.6) | 254 (12.6) | 252 (12.4) | 237 (11.6) | 247 (11.3) | |
25.0–29.9 | 2123 (29.2) | 567 (29.8) | 489 (25.0) | 543 (26.3) | 524 (25.5) | |
≥ 30.0 | 4166 (57.2) | 966 (57.7) | 1085 (62.7) | 1053 (62.0) | 1062 (63.2) | |
Drinking status | < 0.0001 | |||||
Nondrinker | 3740 (63.5) | 1157 (77.3) | 1088 (72.7) | 892 (58.5) | 603 (39.8) | |
Moderate | 810 (13.7) | 107 (6.4) | 179 (11.6) | 241 (18.2) | 283 (20.9) | |
Heavy | 1343 (22.8) | 244 (16.3) | 264 (15.8) | 332 (23.3) | 503 (39.2) | |
Physical activity | 0.03 | |||||
Active | 3249 (91.9) | 585 (93.0) | 763 (89.7) | 900 (94.5) | 1001 (93.4) | |
Inactive | 286 (8.1) | 61 (7.0) | 96 (10.3) | 57 (5.5) | 72 (6.6) | |
Smoking status | < 0.0001 | |||||
Never smoker | 3704 (49.3) | 928 (46.3) | 935 (50.1) | 929 (50.0) | 912 (47.1) | |
Former smoker | 2608 (34.7) | 587 (30.0) | 643 (33.7) | 671 (36.1) | 707 (39.9) | |
Current smoker | 1201 (16) | 360 (23.7) | 298 (16.2) | 279 (13.9) | 264 (13.0) | |
HbA1c, % | 0.2 | |||||
< 7.0 | 4167 (57) | 992 (57.4) | 1055 (61.9) | 1055 (60.4) | 1065 (58.7) | |
≥ 7.0 | 3148 (43) | 822 (42.6) | 778 (38.1) | 771 (39.6) | 777 (41.3) | |
Diabetes duration, years | 0.04 | |||||
< 3 | 684 (17.1) | 103 (16.7) | 190 (21.4) | 177 (16.1) | 214 (21.7) | |
3–10 | 1570 (39.2) | 278 (36.5) | 396 (39.8) | 458 (41.9) | 438 (40.0) | |
> 10 | 1756 (43.8) | 348 (46.8) | 459 (38.8) | 502 (42.0) | 447 (38.3) | |
HEI | < 0.0001 | |||||
Q1 (< 42.22) | 1887 (25) | 612 (36.4) | 495 (28.8) | 433 (25.4) | 347 (19.5) | |
Q2 (42.22–51.55) | 1886 (25) | 525 (27.7) | 488 (26.4) | 473 (25.0) | 400 (23.6) | |
Q3 (51.55–61.36) | 1884 (25) | 416 (20.5) | 484 (24.1) | 470 (23.3) | 514 (28.4) | |
Q4 (> 61.36) | 1889 (25) | 332 (15.4) | 419 (20.7) | 511 (26.3) | 627 (28.5) | |
Total energy intakes, kcal | < 0.0001 | |||||
Q1 (< 1263.00) | 1886 (25) | 1038 (51.5) | 527 (25.4) | 239 (11.1) | 82 (2.9) | |
Q2 (1263.00–1708.50) | 1887 (25) | 500 (26.7) | 621 (32.6) | 501 (25.7) | 265 (12.8) | |
Q3 (1708.50–2294.75) | 1886 (25) | 255 (15.3) | 499 (27.9) | 645 (34.5) | 487 (24.3) | |
Q4 (> 2294.75) | 1887 (25) | 92 (6.5) | 239 (14.1) | 502 (28.7) | 1054 (60.0) | |
Self-reported hypertension | 0.3 | |||||
No | 2620 (34.8) | 621 (35.4) | 617 (34.1) | 693 (36.7) | 689 (37.8) | |
Yes | 4908 (65.2) | 1259 (64.6) | 1265 (65.9) | 1188 (63.3) | 1196 (62.2) | |
TC, mmol/L | < 0.0001 | |||||
Quartile 1 (< 4.09) | 1785 (24.8) | 359 (19.4) | 428 (22.8) | 486 (27.6) | 512 (29.9) | |
Quartile 2 (4.09–4.78) | 1773 (24.6) | 429 (23.4) | 423 (23.1) | 443 (24.1) | 478 (27.3) | |
Quartile 3 (4.78–5.61) | 1817 (25.2) | 478 (28.4) | 480 (26.9) | 432 (23.8) | 427 (22.4) | |
Quartile 4 (5.61–21.02) | 1823 (25.3) | 518 (28.8) | 469 (27.3) | 435 (24.5) | 401 (20.4) | |
TG, mmol/L | 0.04 | |||||
Quartile 1 (< 1.061) | 968 (24.9) | 203 (19.4) | 259 (25.2) | 246 (21.6) | 260 (25.1) | |
Quartile 2 (1.061–1.524) | 962 (24.8) | 265 (28.2) | 249 (23.5) | 224 (22.2) | 224 (21.7) | |
Quartile 3 (1.524–2.235) | 977 (25.2) | 220 (24.6) | 261 (29.7) | 266 (28.4) | 230 (25.6) | |
Quartile 4 (> 2.235) | 973 (25.1) | 256 (27.8) | 228 (21.6) | 240 (27.8) | 249 (27.6) | |
HDL, mmol/L | < 0.0001 | |||||
Quartile 1 (< 1.00) | 1795 (24.9) | 452 (25.4) | 407 (23.1) | 444 (28.2) | 492 (29.8) | |
Quartile 2 (1.00–1.19) | 1785 (24.8) | 446 (26.0) | 415 (22.7) | 426 (24.0) | 498 (27.6) | |
Quartile 3 (1.19–1.45) | 1802 (25) | 432 (24.3) | 478 (26.6) | 472 (25.9) | 4 20 (22.1) | |
Quartile 4 (> 1.45) | 1815 (25.2) | 454 (24.3) | 500 (27.6) | 454 (22.0) | 407 (20.5) | |
LDL, mmol/L | 0.1 | |||||
Quartile 1 (< 2.090) | 896 (24.9) | 182 (21.8) | 220 (23.5) | 255 (26.5) | 239 (28.6) | |
Quartile 2 (2.090–2.689) | 870 (24.2) | 183 (24.0) | 221 (21.2) | 232 (26.7) | 234 (26.6) | |
Quartile 3 (2.689–3.388) | 928 (25.8) | 226 (26.6) | 263 (27.9) | 207 (23.3) | 232 (24.2) | |
Quartile 4 (> 3.388) | 899 (25) | 227 (27.6) | 239 (27.4) | 225 (23.5) | 208 (20.7) | |
Diabetes medicine use | 0.325 | |||||
None | 995 (20.62) | 241 (19.28) | 231 (19.59) | 229 (19.36) | 294 (24.22) | |
Oral glucose-lowering medication | 2647 (54.85) | 695 (55.6) | 643 (54.54) | 675 (57.06) | 634 (52.22) | |
Only insulin | 567 (11.75) | 164 (13.12) | 151 (12.80) | 129 (10.90) | 123 (10.13) | |
Oral glucose lowering medication and insulin | 617 (12.78) | 150 (12.0) | 154 (13.07) | 150 (12.68) | 163 (13.43) | |