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Table 3 Prevalence and prevalence ratio of hyperinsulinemia according to sociodemographic, reproductive, behavioral and nutritional characteristics, Porto Velho and Porto Alegre, 2013/2014 (n = 889)

From: Insulin resistance and associated factors in female adolescents from two capital cities in the north and south of Brazil

Characteristics

Insulin ≥ 15 mU/mL

Porto Velho

Porto Alegre

% (CI)

PR (CI)

PR p value

% (CI)

PR (CI)

PR p value

Sociodemographic characteristics

 Chronological age

  12–13 years

21.1(11.05–6.53)

1

 

27.3 (16.69–41.32)

1

 

  14 years

17.77(6.61–39.74)

0.84 (0.32–2.21)

0.711

19.42 (11.78–30.31)

0.71 (0.34–1.44)

0.334

  15–17 years

13.41(8.33–20.91)

0.63 (0.34–1.17)

0.135

15.86 (11.5–21.48)

0.58 (0.32–1.03)

0.062

 Ethnicity

  White

16.13(8.25–29.14)

1

 

15.25 (10.55–21.54)

1

 

  Black

14.55(1.99–58.84)

0.91 (0.13–6.34)

0.926

40.06 (21.14–64.04)

2.68 (1.23–5.81)

0.015

  Other

18.21(10.77–29.11)

1.12 (0.58–2.17)

0.708

23.53 (15.58–33.9)

1.53 (0.85–2.76)

0.147

 Economic class

  A

12.05(4.19–30.01)

1

 

14.91 (5.55–34.34)

1

 

  B

19.75(13.65–27.71)

1.55 (0.35–6.72)

0.532

25.65 (19.68–32.7)

1.71(0.51–5.65)

0.361

  C/D

18.86(8.06–38.14)

1.45 (0.25–8.18)

0.652

19.78 (11.72–31.4)

1.32 (0.35–4.92)

0.661

Reproductive characteristics

 Age at menarche

  9–12 years

18.91(11.57–29.37)

1.70 (0.79–3.69)

0.160

20.7 (15.45–27.17)

1.21 (0.68–2.16)

0.484

  13–16 years

11.05(4.7–23.82)

1

 

16.96 (10.56–26.1)

1

 

 Time of menarche

  < 2 years

23.92(1.18–42.48)

1

 

32.7 (22.62–44.68)

1

 

  ≥ 2 years

13.82(8.79–21.08)

0.57 (0.32–1.02)

0.061

15.59 (11.72–25.08)

0.47 (0.30–0.74)

0.002

Behavioral characteristics

 Smoking

  Yes

31.78(15.27–54.64)

2.27 (1.09–4.73)

0.030

16.1 (10.11–24.65)

0.74 (0.40–1.36)

0.327

  No

14(8.2–26.42)

1

 

21.61 (15.39–29.47)

1

 

 Alcohol

      

  Yes

22.04(13.51–3.85)

1.52 (1.04–2.23)

0.031

20.19 (15.05–26.54)

0.79 (0.49–1.29)

0.344

  No

14.29(8.71–22.58)

1

 

25.16 (15.86–37.49)

1

 

 Screen hours

  < 2 h/day

21.94(14.02–2.63)

1

 

17.84 (10.4–28.88)

1

 

  ≥ 2 h/day

18.04(11.11–7.94)

0.83 (0.46–1.50)

0.537

22.34 (16.62–29.33)

1.23 (0.63–2.40)

0.513

 Physical activity

  Active

17.66(11.41–6.31)

1

 

21.33(15.12–29.21)

1

 

  Inactive

15.94(8.2–28.7)

1.10 (0.56–2.17)

0.747

16.76 (11.59–23.61)

1.27 (0.78–2.07)

0.308

Nutritional status

 Nutritional status (%)

  Low weight and normal weight

8.2(3.72–17.13)

1

 

14.76 (10.54–20.29)

1

 

  Overweight/obesity

47.17(35.27–9.39)

5.74 (2.68–12.28)

< 0.001

29.92 (22.59–38.45)

2.02 (1.39–2.93)

0.001

 Waist circumference

  Normal

11.55(6.45–19.83)

1

 

16.39 (11.74–22.4)

1

 

  Elevated

57.91(36.52–76.7)

5.00 (2.54–9.8)

< 0.001

39.19 (26.25–53.85)

2.38 (1.42–4.01)

0.002

  1. Chi-square test 95%CI. Robust Poisson regression p value < 0.05; Time since menarche < 2 years since the occurrence of menarche, and ≥ 2 years since the occurrence of menarche; Ethnicity: white, black and other (indigenous, mixed and yellow). Smoking: yes = already experimented; Alcohol: yes = already experimented; Physical activity: inactive = 0–300 min/wk.; Screen hours: not recommended = more than 2 h/day Nutritional status classification according to BMI-for-age z-score (WHO, [49]); Waist circumference (IDF, [48]); Insulin ≥ 15 mU/mL (I Diretriz de prevenção da aterosclerose na infância e adolescência, [50])
  2. Statistically significant prevalence ratios are in bold (p < 0.05)